Study Material on Science and Technology

Indian Space Research:-  The Indian National Research centre is formed in 1962 AD. Dr Jahangir Bhabha is the chairman of this centre. Dr. Bhabha is known as the father of Indian Space. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was formed on 15 August 1969 after the restructuring of Indian National Research Centre. The Space Committee and Space Organization was formed in 1972 AD under the ISRO.

Important Phenomena in Space Science

Sputnik I ------  This was launched by Soviet Russia on 04 October 1957 . It is the first artificial Satellite which are launched in the world.

Sputnik II -----  This satellite was launched by Soviet Union on 03 November 1957. This satellite carried a dog "Laika" in Space.

Score ----------  This was the first communication satellite of the world . it was launched on18 December 1958 AD by America.

Luna 3-------   This satellite was launched by America on 1959 AD. This satellite was taken the picture of unseen part of the Moon.

Vostok I  --      This satellite was launched by Soviet Union on 1961 AD. This satellite was carried the first man "Youri Gagrine" in the space.

Vostok VI ---  This satellite was launched by Soviet Union on 1963 AD. This satellite was carried Valentina Tereshkova in the space. Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman of the world who was visit in space.

Apollo 11 -  This satellite was launched by America on 14 Nov 1969 AD. This satellite was carried Neil Armstrong on the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man of the world who visit the Moon.

Mars 2---  This satellite was launched by America on 1971 AD.  This is the first satellite which was land on the Mars planet.

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)--  VSSC is situated in Thiruvananthapuram city , the capital of Kerala State of  India.   This centre make the space launcher machine for ISRO. The important Launcher Such as SLV 3, ASLV, PSLV and GSLV etc.

SHAR Centre :-  This centre is situated in sriHarikota in Andhra pradesh state of India. This is the main space launching centre of ISRO.

Main Indian Satellite:- There are following Indian Satellite:-
1.  Aryabhatt:-  This is the first Indian Satellite. This was launched on 19 April 1975 from the Baikonur space centre of Soviet Union.

Bhaskara I  :-  This satellite was launched on 1979 from the Baikonur Space centre of Soviet Union.

Bhaskara II  :-  This satellite was launched on 1981 from the Baikonur space centre of Soviet Union.

Rohini Series:-  This satellite was launched from SriHarikota (India). The first and third launched of this series was failure but the second launched was success on 18 july 1980. This satellite was launched through SLV3 launching machine.

Apple:-  Apple was the first Indian Communication Satellite. This satellite was launched on 19 June 1981 from Kourou space centre of French Guyana.

Some Other Information:-
Satish Dhawan space centre is situated in SriHarikota. Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian who visit in space on 03 April 1984 AD. Rakesh Sharma visited in space through Soyuz T-2  satellite of Soviet Union. He returned the Earth on 11 April 1984 AD. During this period the prime minister of India Smt Indira Gandhi asked question to Mr Rakesh Sharma that How does see India from the Space? Rakesh Sharma replied that 'India is better than the all country of the World" (सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिंदुस्तान हमारा ). India is the 14th Country to send man in the space. Rakesh Sharma is 139th man who visited the space.

Chandrayaan I

The first Indian mission of Moon is Chandrayaan I. It is the 68th moon mission of the world. India launched its first moon mission ie Chandrayaan I from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre of SriHarikota on 22 Oct 2008 through PSLV-C 11. India is the 6th Country which get the success in moon mission. America, Russia, European Union, Japan and China are  send moon mission successfully before India.

Indian Atomic Research

The Indian Atomic Commission was formed on 10 August 1948 AD under the chairmanship of Dr. Homi Bhabha. The India Atomic Energy Organization was inaugurated in 1954 AD.

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC):- This centre is situated in Trombay (Near Mumbai) . Apsara 1965 AD is first atomic reactor of India which is situated in BARC.

The formation of Indian Atomic electric Nigam Limited on 1987 AD.

The important unit of Indian Atomic Organization

Name of Institute                                           Situated

Atomic Matter Directorate                     Hyderabad
Nuclear Fuel Compound                        Hyderabad
India Uranium Nigam Ltd                     Jaduguda
Guru Water Board                                 Mumbai

The important Atomic power station of India

            Atomic Power Station                        Situated
1. Tarapur Atomic power station                 Maharashtra 1972 AD
2. Narora Atomic power station                 Bulandshahr, UP 1991 AD
3. Kakrapar Atomic power station              Surat  (Gujarat)        
4. Kudankulam atomic power station          Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu)

Atomic Test

India tested its  atom bomb in Pokhran ( Jaisalmer, Rajasthan) On 18 May 1998 AD. USA tested the its first atom bomb in july 1945 AD.

Indian Defence System

DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organization) was inaugurated in 1958 AD. The former Prime minister of India "Smt Indira Gandhi" formed  Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) in 1983 AD. According to this programme, India developed missile in India.
The name of Missile is given below:-
Prithvi:- This is the ballistic missile  through land to land. Its testing was done successfully in Feb 1998. Its range is 40 to 250 Km.
Trishul:-  This missile is working through land to air. Its range is 500m to 09 Km. Its speed is about MAC.
Aakash:- This is a ballistic missile of middle range. Its range is 30 Km.
Agni:-       There are three types of missile in Agni categories- -Agni I, Agni II and Agni III. Agni is the Ballistic missile of medium range. Agni attacked land to land. The range of Agni III is 3000 to 3500 Km.

Nag:- This is the Anti tank missile. Its range is 05 km.
Brahmos:-  This missile is developed with the contribution of India and Russia. Brahmos= Brah+Mos. Brah means the short form of Brahmaputra river and Mos means the short form of Moskva River. This is the supersonic Cruz missile.

Important Indian Tank and Defence Weapons

Arjun Tank
Arjun Tank is developed by DRDO.  Its maximum Speed is 70 km per hour.

Tejas Fighter plane

This is the first fighter plane which become in India.  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)  played main role to make it.

Dhruv Helicopter

It is developed by DRDO. Its maximum Speed is 250 Km/h.

Pinaka

This is a Multi Barrel Rocket Syste which is developed by DRDO.