The Study Material on the Geographical Introduction of India

The Study Material of the geographical introduction of India:-

 India is the largest Country in Indian peninsula. The name of India based on the "Indus" river. The latitudinal status of India is between 8°4' northern latitude in South direction and 37°6' northern latitude in North direction and the longitudinal status of India is between 68°7' Eastern longitude in the West direction and 97°25' eastern longitude in the East direction. The India is situated in tropical and sub-tropical band. Indira point is the southern point of the India. Indira point is also knowns as pygmalion point. Indira point is situated 6°45' northern latitude at Nicobar island. The southern point of the main land of India is the southern corner of Kumari Antrip, near the Kanyakumari in Tamilnadu. Which is situated on 8°4' northern latitude. Thus, we can say that the geographical expansion of India is in Northern and Eastern Hemisphere. The Indira call is the Northern point of India, which is situated in Jammu-Kashmir. The Eastern point of India is in the eastern border of Arunachal Pradesh and the western point of India is near the Dwarka in Gujarat.

 India is a huge Country. The expansion of India is 2933 Km from East to West and 3214 Km North to South. The length of land border of India is approx 15200 Km and the length of the Sea Border of India is 6100 Km. If we add the sea Border of the Indian island then the total sea border of India will be approx 7500 Km. The area of India is approx 32,87,782 Square Km. India is the seventh  largest country in the world in view of the area. Russia, Canada, USA, China, Australia and Brazil are the bigger Country than India in view of area. China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan are situated in the North direction of India. The border of India and China is known as Mcmohan line. The North-Western Border of India is attached to Pakistan and the Eastern border of India is attached to Myanmar. The shape of India is just like a triangle, in which the area of Himalayas represents thick base in Northern area of India and the very thin vertical is in Kanyakumari in the South direction of India. The Cancer line is to live in the middle part of India for which the East-west expansion of Country is very thin in Southern part of India.The Arabian Sea is situated the west direction of India and Bay of Bengal in the Eastern direction. The Indian Ocean is situated in the Southern direction of India. Sri Lanka is Situated in the South direction of India in the Indian Ocean. The Bay of Mannar and Palk Strait are intercept the India and Sri Lanka. The are many island of India apart from main Earth and these Island are - Andman Nicobar Island (Situated in Bay of Bengal), Lakshadweep, Minicoy Island and Amindivi Island (These three are situated in the Arabian Sea). India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh represents the Indian Peninsula.

 India was divided in a lot of small states before its independence. After the independence of India in 1947 AD, It is realised that these small states should be merged and become in the form of large state and India have 14 States and 06 Union territories states as per Companies Act 1956. There are 29 States and 06 Union territories states at present in India and Delhi is the national Capital of India.

 The Geological structure of India is very Complex. According to Geological history of India, The oldest and new rocks of the World are found in the different parts of India. The oldest rocks of the world are found in the plateau area while in the area of Himalayas the new rocks of the world are found. The huge field area of the Northern Parts of India are made with the rivers of the Himalayas, which flow towards in South direction. This field area of the Northern parts of India is one of the newest field of the World. The field of the northern parts of India is the alluvial field and it is most fertile and high density population area.

 India divides in three geographical states- Himalayas and its ridge, The field of Indus-Ganga and The Plateau of South India. The origin of Himalayas and its ridge with the "metamorphic Rocks". The field of north India is the new structure. The attitude of this field is average 300 m from sea level and The desert of Thar is situated in the western side of this field. 

The Mountain Area of the Himalayas:- 

 Himalayas is the newest ridge of the world. The expansion of Himalayas is the Jammu-Kashmir (western area of Himalayas) to Assam, Manipur and Mizoram (In Eastern side). The total length of Himalayas' ridge are approx 5000 Km in which about 2500 Km ridge is situated in India. The Thickness of the Himalayas' ridge is 150-400 Km and the average height is 2000 m. The expansion of Himalayas between the Ganga and Brahmaputra river. The mountain which is expensed in the west side of Indus valley is called "Trance Himalayas" and the eastern mountain area of Brahmaputra Valley is known as Purvanchal. Himalayas may divide in three main ridge.
 1. Great Himalaya (Himadri)
 2. Small or Middle Himalaya (Himachal)
 3. Shivalik

Great Himalaya (Himadri):- This ridge is also called Central Himalaya.  Himadri is the highest and northern series of the Himalayas. The thickness and average height  of the Himadri is 25 Km and 6000 m respectively. The main peak of Himalayas such as Mount Everest (8848 m), Kanchenjunga (8598 m), Dhaulagiri (8172 m) are belong to Himadri.

Himachal:- The expansion of Himachal is the south direction of the Himadri or Great Himalaya. Himachal is more thicker than Himadri or Great Himalaya but its height is less than Himadri. The thickness of Himachal is approx 80-100 Km and its average height is approx 1800 m. The series of Peer panjal and Dhauladhar are situated in Himachal ridge. Main Central Thrust Zone separates the Himachal ridge with Himadri.

Shivalik:- This is called external Himalaya. Shivalik is the third and the lowest height ridge of Himalaya. Main Boundary Thrust separates the Shivalik with Himachal. The total Length of Shivalik is approx 2400 Km. The thickness of Shivalik is approx 10-50 Km and its average height is 1200 m. This is the newest ridge of the Himalayas. Himalayan Frontal Fault makes boundary between Shivalik and the field which is situated in the south of Shivalik.

Other Ridge of Himalaya:

 Tibet Himalaya :-  It is called the Trance Himalaya. It is situated in the north side of the Great Himalaya.  The thickness of this ridge is approx 40 Km and the average height is 3000-4300m. Sindhu-Sancho Suchar area separates the Tibet Himalaya from Eurasian Plate.

There are following other ridge of the Himalayas-
1.  Karakoram (Highest peak K2) : It is situated in the western Himalayas.
2.Ladakh & Jaskar Ridge: It is situated in the western Himalayas.
3. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Lushai and Path Kai ridge:-These are  situated in the Eastern Himalayas.

The Territorial Distribution the Himalayas:-

 1. Punjab Himalaya: It is the most western side of the Himalayas. it is situated between the Indus and Sutlej river. This part of Himalayas is expanded 562 Km from west to east.

2. Kumaon Himalayas:-  It is situated in the East of the punjab Himalayas and its expansion is about 320 Km.
3.Nepal Himalayas:- It is situated in the East of the Kumaon Himalayas and its expansion is 800 Km. It is the longest part of Himalayas. The Supreme peaks of Himalayas are situated in Nepal Himalaya.
4. Assam Himalaya:-  It is the most Eastern part of the Himalayas. Its expansion is about 750 Km.

The Field Area of the India:-

The field of the North India is mainly a alluvial field and the desert of thar is situated on the western part of this field. We may distribute in two parts of the field of the India:-

1. The field of the North India:- The field of the North India is also known as the field of Indus-Ganga and Ganga-Brahmaputra. The field of the North India is structured through the Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra river. The western side of the field of North India is Called the field of Indus or field of Punjab. The mid part of the field of the North India is Called the field of the Ganga. The Eastern part of the field of the North India is called the field of the Brahmaputra.  The field of Brahmaputra is merged with the field of the Ganga in Bangladesh. Thus, We can say that the field of the North India is the combined form of the field of flood of the river and delta field. New alluvial area is called Khadar Area and the older alluvial areal is Called Bangur. The Sundarban delta is situated in South -Eastern parts of the field of the North India. A large parts of the Sundarban is situated in the Bangladesh. The northern side of the Northern field is called Trai (left) area. Trai (left) area is area of Himalayas' Talathi.

2. Coastal Field:- The coastal field of India is expanded from Bay of Bengal (the eastern coastal field of India) to Arabian Sea (the western Coastal field of India) along with the small field from north to south . The Eastern Coastal field of India is called the Coastal field of Coromandel.  The deltas area of the river Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri are under the coastal field of Coromandel. Thus, We can say that the coastal field of Coromandel is the most fertile area of the South India. The Coastal field which is situated  the southern part of the field of Gujarat till Goa is Called the Coastal field of Konkan. The Southern Part of the field of Konkan is under the coastal field of Malabar and Kerala.

Other Information about the India:-

 The plateau of Malwa is situated in the northern parts of the valley of Narmada and the area of the Southern parts of the valley of Narmada is known as the plateau of Deccan. The plateau of Aravali is situated in the western side of the plateau of Malwa and the plateau of Chhotanagpur is situated in the Eastern side of the plateau of Malwa. The plateau of Deccan may be divided in three parts.
1.Western Ghat
2.Eastern Ghat
3.Deccan Trap

The highest hill of the western ghat is called Sahyadri hill. The Nilgiri hill joint the Western and Eastern Ghat in South. The hill of Annamalai is situated in the south of the hill of Nilgiri and the highest peak of the South India "Anamudi" is the parts of the Annamalai Hill.

There are many island of India apart from the main land of India.  There are total 247 Islands under the India in which 204 islands are situated in the Bay of Bengal and 43 islands are situated in the Arabian Sea.  The Andaman and Nicobar island group is the largest island group of India which is situated in the Bay of Bengal. Ten Degree Channel separates the Andaman island from Nicobar island. There are total 19 island under the Nicobar island group in which the great Nicobar is the largest island of the Nicobar group.

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